Nanotechnology, igisubizo n’ikibazo ku bantu !

Ibikoresho bya electronics twifashisha buri munsi, nka za televiziyo zigezweho, telefoni, amapasi, imiti, ibyifashishwa mu buvuzi, ibikoreshwa mu biribwa, mu mavuta yisigwa n’imibavu, muri za gazi ,… byose bisigaye byifashisha ikoranabuhanga ryitabaza uduce duto cyane tuzwi ku izina rya nanotechnology. N’ubwo ibyo bikoresho byagiye bihindura ibintu byinshi ku buryo abahanga bagiye babivumbura babyise ko bitangije ikinyejana gishya kirimo tekinoloji ihambaye. Gusa byibazwa ko bishobora kuzateza ibibazo abantu batazapfa kwirengera.

Kuba iyo tekinoliji igezweho ikoreshwa mu bintu byose byitwa ko bigezweho kandi abantu babikoresha batabizi, ikibazo gikomeje kwibazwa cyane ni ukumenya niba utwo duce duto tw’ibinyabutabire tutagira ingaruka zidasanzwe ku bantu ndetse no ku bidukikije muri rusange. Ndetse burya abantu benshi ntibazi ko mu buzima bwabo bwa buri munsi bakoresha ubwo buhanga bushya.

Ubundi nanotechnology ni iki ?

Ubundi izo tekinoloji zifashisha ibintu bito cyane ku buryo butagaragara. Uduce tw’ibinyabutabire bakoresha tuba turi hagati ya nanomètre (nm) 1 na 100 ( Ubundi nanomètre ni kimwe cya miliyari cya metero : 1/1 000 000 000). Tekiniki zikoreshwa nano zisobanura ko ari ugufata ibikoresho no gukora ibintu bibarirwa ku rwego rwa atome na molécule (uduce duto dushoboka tw’ibyo byiciro). Umuntu ayigereranyije na DNA ibasha kugera kuri nm 2,5 , globule rouge ikagira 7 000 nm naho umusatsi w’umuntu ungana na nm 80 000. Gusa mu bisobanuro abahanga batanga kuri nanoparticule ni uko zifite uburozi bwinshi kurusha particule nini kurushaho. Bene utwo tuntu bakoresha mu nganda tuba ari utuboneka mu bidukikije nk’amavumbi ava mu iruka ry’ibirunga, n’ibindi bimera bitandukanye. Ibindi nanone bikunzwe kuva mu bukorikori bw’abahanga kandi ibyo binakoreshwa kuva cyera.

Ibyo bigaragara ubwo nko mu kinyejana cya XVI, abakoraga mu buvubyi bw’ibyuma b’i Murano batangazwaga no kurema Rubis (ibuye ry’agaciro) ivanze na zahabu bigatuma iyo Rubis ihinduka ikaba uko bifuzaga ko yoroha. Nyuma yaho nibwo inganda zaje kujya zikora ibintu bitandukanye zifashishsije iryo koranabuhanga rya nanotechnology ku matelefoni, za écran za musadobwa kimwe n’iza videwo n’ibindi byinshi. Gusa muri icyo gihe bakundaga gufata utwo duce duto tw’ibikoresho bakadufungirana imbere mu bindi bikoresho kugira ngo bitajya kuzunguruka mu mwuka.

Kuki ubwo aribwo buryo bwibanzweho cyane mu ikoranabuhanga ?

Abantu benshi bashobora kwibaza impamvu abanyenganda birukira ubwo buhanga bukoresha nanotechnology, nta yindi ni uko ubwo buhanga butagendera ku mategeko asanzwe y’ubugenge. Ibyo bisobanuka bitya : mu buryo butanakomeye, imiterere y’utwo dukoresho twa nanomatériaux, imiterere nyabutabire yatwo igenda ihindakurika kimwe n’uko uko byitwara imbere y’ubushyuhe n’uko bigaragara bisanzwe bigenda bihindakurika. Tutagiye kure nanone nka nanotubes za carbone zijya zifashishwa mu ikoranabuhanga rya za mudasobwa cyangwa fibre optique zigaragaza imiterere y’ibyuma kimwe n’uko zigaragaza imiterere y’ibitwara amashanyarazi mu buryo butuzuye. Nanone zibasha gukomera inshuro 100, zikanagira ireme rike no kuremera gahoro inshuro 6 ugereranyije n’icyuma cya acier, zibasha gutwara ubushyuhe mu buryo bugereranywa n’ubwa diyama. « Umuntu agendeye kuri ibyo ntahakana ko mu gihe gito kiri imbere abantu bazaba bafite za videwo cyangwa mudasobwa nini zihinwa zikanabikwa mu mufuka » nk’uko byagaragajwe na Richard Feynman, umwe mu bateje imbere ubwo buhanga, wanavugaga ko ashaka ko nk’izina rinini cyane ryabasha kwandikwa ku ijisho ry’urushinge bizwi ko ari cyo kintu gito gishoboka.

Ububi bwa nanotechnology butangiye kwibazwaho

Ariko none haboneka za nano ziba zizungurukira mu mwuka, bivuga ko ziba zidafungiranye, akaba ari nazo abahanga batinya ingaruka zagira ku buzima bw’abantu hamwe n’ibidukikije. Kuko utwo tuntu tutagaragara tubasha kuba twazamuka mu kirere ku buryo bworoshye bushoboka, ndetse tukaba twajya no mu mubiri w’umuntu nk’uko ahumeka nk’uko twanaca mu ruhu.

Igihangayikishije cyane abahanga ni ukumenya niba byashoboka koko ko utwo tuntu tugera aho tukisenya (dégradation), cyangwa se tukagenda duhinduka. Kugeza kuri ubu, abahanga muri nanophysics n’ubundi buhanga bwiyambaza utuntu duto cyane bumaze kwamamara cyane kubera ubushakashatsi bagiye bakora ntibarabasha kumenya uko utwo dukoresho dusaza cyangwa se niba twagira ingaruka ku mubiri w’umuntu bishingiye kuri uko kudasaza.

N’ubwo abanyenganda biyambaza izo nanotechnology badakunze kugaragaza ko bazikoresha, bitangazwa ko ibikoresho byinshi kuri ubu byifashisha bene iryo koranabuhanga. Ahanini za tube zifashisha za karubini ikozwe muri ubwo buryo zitungwa akatoki mu kuba zakwangiza ubuzima bw’abantu benshi. Kandi izo nanotube za karuboni zikoreshwa mu bintu byinshi byo muri electronics. Nanone abahanga batunga agatoki ibindi byinjizwa mu mubiri w’umuntu by’insimburangingo z’amayunguyungu za nanoparticules ya cobalt-chrome.

Ku bijyanye n’umubiri w’umuntu by’umwihariko, abahanga baturutse imihanda yose bakoranyirije ibyo babonye bivuye mu kwitegereza ibyakorewe muri za laboratwari basanga ibikoresho bituruka kuri nanotechnology biteye impungenge. Mu butare (argent) bujya bwifashishwa mu gukora amasogisi ya siporo bukunze gutera umwuka mubi uguma ufungiranywe, dioxyde ya titane ikoreshwa mu buryo bwa nanomatériaux igaragara mu isima kimwe no mu mavuta arinda izuba, silice iba mu isukari yo ku meza. Abahanga bakomeza batangaza ko havamo ibintu bitari byiza mu gihe byinjiye mu mubiri w’umuntu, kuko bihita byinjira mu gace k’imbere k’utugirangingo bigahubaganya DNA ndetse bikaba byaba nyirabayazana wa kanseri.

Mu kugaragaza ububi bw’utwo dukoresho duto cyane tutanaboneka kuri mikorosikope, abahanga bitegereje amafi yo mu bwoko bwa poissons-zèbres basanga ayo mafi mu gihe akiri insoro agira ubumuga naho yaba makuru agakunda gufatwa n’indwara zidasobanutse.

Mu gihe ku bantu ubushakashatsi bugikorwa, ku bijyanye n’ibidukikije izo tekinoloji zifashisha utuntu duto dushoboka ziteye ibirenze impungenge umuntu yakwibaza. Kuba nk’ibyo bita nanoparticules z’ikinyabutabire cya argent zibasha korohereza ukwikuba kwa za bagiteri, bihangayikije mu rwego rw’uko mu gihe zibashije kugera nko mu masoko y’amazi aba munsi y’ubutaka byatuma haba ibyago ku binyabuzima byose biba ku isi. Kandi iyo argent ikoreshwa muri ibyo bintu ingana na ¼ cy’ibikoresho byifashisha muri iryo koranabuhanga rya nanotechnology byo mu nganda zo ku isi. Buri mwaka toni 18 z’uduce duto (particules) tw’argent tumenwa mu bidukikije.